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GENE AND PROTEIN SUMMARY
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The gene and protein summary section shows the gene name and corresponding gene description, parent protein classes for the encoded proteins, and a gene summary from the National Center for Biotechnology Information.
The number of alternative transcripts (splice variants) encoded by the gene, based on the Ensembl database, is reported, together with the number of splice variants with predicted transmembrane regions according to the majority decision method, as well as the number of splice variants with predicted signal peptide according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0 and Phobius.
The "More Gene Data"-button can be used to access the detailed Gene and Protein view, containing more information about the gene and encoded proteins.
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Gene name |
INHBA |
Description |
inhibin, beta A |
Protein class |
Candidate cancer biomarkers, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes, Mapped to UniProt SWISS-PROT, Plasma proteins, Potential transmembrane proteins, Potentially secreted proteins |
Protein evidence |
Medium |
Entrez gene summary |
The inhibin beta A subunit joins the alpha subunit to form a pituitary FSH secretion inhibitor. Inhibin has been shown to regulate gonadal stromal cell proliferation negatively and to have tumor-suppressor activity. In addition, serum levels of inhibin have been shown to reflect the size of granulosa-cell tumors and can therefore be used as a marker for primary as well as recurrent disease. Because expression in gonadal and various extragonadal tissues may vary severalfold in a tissue-specific fashion, it is proposed that inhibin may be both a growth/differentiation factor and a hormone. Furthermore, the beta A subunit forms a homodimer, activin A, and also joins with a beta B subunit to form a heterodimer, activin AB, both of which stimulate FSH secretion. Finally, it has been shown that the beta A subunit mRNA is identical to the erythroid differentiation factor subunit mRNA and that only one gene for this mRNA exists in the human genome. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
External links |
Ensembl, UniProt, Entrez gene, neXtProt, Antibodypedia |
No of splice variants |
2 in total 0 with predicted TM region 2 with predicted signal peptide |
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SUBCELLULAR LOCATION SUMMARY
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The subcellular location summary section shows the main subcellular location of the encoded proteins and any additional locations. Additional locations are characterized by either a markedly lower staining intensity than the main location, or that it was only observed in a subset of the cell lines. A short summary of the annotated protein location is also given. A description of the assay and annotation can be found here.
The summary data can be based on one or more antibodies (reported by the "Antibodies in assay"-field). If the data is based on one single antibody, the IF validation score for that antibody is reported in the "Reliability (Single)"-field (color-coding described here). If the data is based on more than one antibody, the reliability score for the data is reported as "Reliability ( APE)" (color-coding described here). If the data is based on one automatically selected antibody (best IF score among available antibodies), the IF validation score for that antibody is reported as Reliability (selected) (color-coding described here).
The image to the left is a representative image for the subcellular location of the protein.
The "More Subcell Data"-button can be used to access the Subcellular location view, with more detailed information on the subcellular location of the protein in different cell lines, including all images.
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The subcellular location summary section shows the main subcellular location of the encoded proteins and any additional locations. Additional locations are characterized by either a markedly lower staining intensity than the main location, or that it was only observed in a subset of the cell lines. A short summary of the annotated protein location is also given. A description of the assay and annotation can be found here.
The summary data can be based on one or more antibodies (reported by the "Antibodies in assay"-field). If the data is based on one single antibody, the IF validation score for that antibody is reported in the "Reliability (Single)"-field (color-coding described here). If the data is based on more than one antibody, the reliability score for the data is reported as "Reliability (APE)" (color-coding described here). If the data is based on one automatically selected antibody (best IF score among available antibodies), the IF validation score for that antibody is reported as Reliability (selected) (color-coding described here).
The image to the left is a representative image for the subcellular location of the protein.
The "More Subcell Data"-button can be used to access the Subcellular location view, with more detailed information on the subcellular location of the protein in different cell lines, including all images. |
Show image »
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Main location(s) |
Nucleus, Cytoplasm |
Additional location(s) |
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Staining summary |
Staining of nucleus and cytoplasm in a fraction of the cells in U-2 OS. |
Reliability (Single) |
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Antibodies in assay |
HPA020031 |
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NORMAL TISSUE & ORGAN SUMMARY
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The normal tissue & organ summary section shows a summary of the antibody staining or the protein expression in a number of human tissues and organs. A description of the assay and annotation can be found here. A summary text summarizes the protein expression/antibody staining data.
The normal tissue profile gives the number of cell types with expression/staining out of the total number of analysed cell types. The summary data can be based on one or more antibodies (reported by the "Antibodies in assay"-field). If the data is based on one single antibody, the IH validation score for that antibody is reported as "Reliability (Single)" (color-coding described here). If the data is based on more than one antibody, the reliability score for the data is reported as "Reliability ( APE)" (color-coding described here).
If the normal tissue & organ summary section is in yellow color scale, the values represent antibody staining from one single antibody. If the section is in blue scale, the values represent knowledge-based annotated protein expression based on two or more antibodies.
The analysed normal tissues are grouped into organs, and the number of annotated cell types for each organ type is given, followed by the annotated protein expression (blue color scale) or antibody staining (yellow color scale) in the annotated cell types. The intensity of the color represents the relative level of expression/staining, as described by the scale in the box to the right. In the bars, the fraction of the protein expression/antibody staining with certain intensity represents the percentage of the analysed cell types with that relative expression/staining.
In the example above ( ELF3), there are ten cell types annotated for female tissues. Two of the cell types have an annotated high level of protein expression. One of the cell types has medium level of protein expression and one cell type has a low level of protein expression, while the remaining six cell types do not express this protein.
The image to the left is a representative image for the antibody staining.
The "More Tissue Data"-button can be used to access the Normal tissue view, with detailed protein expression/antibody staining data on cell type level, including links to all annotated images.
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Show image »
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Staining summary |
Most normal cells showed weak to moderate cytoplasmic positivity, often in a granular pattern. Strong staining was observed in stomach, endocrine glands, Leydig cells and neuronal cells of CNS. |
Tissue specificity |
Staining in 62 out of 80 cell types |
Reliability (Single) |
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Antibodies in assay |
HPA020031 |
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Organ |
No of cell types |
Antibody staining |
| CNS (brain) |
11 |
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| Hematopoietic (blood) |
8 |
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| Liver and pancreas |
5 |
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| Digestive (GI-tract) |
13 |
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| Respiratory (lung) |
4 |
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| Cardiovascular |
1 |
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| Female tissues |
11 |
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| Placenta |
2 |
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| Male tissues |
5 |
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| Urinary tract (kidney) |
3 |
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| Skin and soft tissues |
14 |
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| Endocrine tissues |
3 |
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Level of antibody staining
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Strong Moderate Weak Negative |
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CANCER TISSUE SUMMARY
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The cancer tissue summary section shows a summary of antibody staining in numerous different cancer tissues. A description of the assay and annotation can be found here. The staining summary reports the percent of analysed samples where antibody staining could be detected. For each cancer tissue, the relative level of antibody staining for the analysed samples using the available antibodies is reported in the antibody staining bar (as described by the scale in the box to the right). To the right of the bar is the antibody staining (if yellow color scale)/annotated protein expression (if blue color scale) for the corresponding normal cell types. For malignant melanoma and ovary cancer there are no corresponding normal cell types.
The "More Cancer Data"-button can be used to access the Cancer tissue view, with detailed antibody staining data for each analysed cancer sample, including links to all annotated images.
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Staining summary |
Antibody staining in 48% of the cancers |
Antibodies in assay |
HPA020031 |
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Tissue |
Cancer staining |
Normal tissue staining |
| Breast cancer |
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| Carcinoid |
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| Cervical cancer |
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| Colorectal cancer |
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| Endometrial cancer |
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| Glioma |
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| Head and neck cancer |
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| Liver cancer |
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| Lung cancer |
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| Lymphoma |
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Tissue |
Cancer staining |
Normal tissue staining |
| Melanoma |
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| Ovarian cancer |
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| Pancreatic cancer |
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| Prostate cancer |
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| Renal cancer |
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| Skin cancer |
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| Stomach cancer |
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| Testis cancer |
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| Thyroid cancer |
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| Urothelial cancer |
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Level of antibody staining
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Strong Moderate Weak Negative |
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CELL LINE SUMMARY
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The cell line summary section reports RNA-seq data and antibody staining for eleven human cell lines of different origin. The RNA abundance in each of the cell lines is reported using FPKM levels. The "More RNA Data"-button under the RNA column can be used to access the RNA page with more detailed RNA data.
The level of immunohistochemistry staining of the cell lines (two samples per cell line and antibody) is reported using a yellow color scale (levels described by the color scale in the box to the right). A description of the assay and the annotation can be found here. The "More IH Data"-button under the IH staining column can be used to access the Cell line page with antibody staining data and links to images for numerous different cell lines.
The intensity of the immunofluorescent staining per cell line and antibody is reported as IF intensity, using the same color scale as for the immunohistochemisty staining. A description of the assay and the annotation can be found here. The "More IF Data"-button under the IF intensity column can be used to access the Subcellular location page with more detailed data, including images.
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Cell line |
Cell origin |
RNA abundance |
IH staining |
IF intensity |
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HPA020031 |
| A-431 |
Skin |
Low |
- |
Negative |
| A-549 |
Lung |
Not detected |
- |
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| CACO-2 |
Colon |
Not detected |
- |
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| HEK 293 |
Embryonal kidney |
Low |
- |
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| HeLa |
Cervix |
Not detected |
- |
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| Hep-G2 |
Liver |
Not detected |
- |
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| MCF-7 |
Pleural effusion |
Low |
- |
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| PC-3 |
Bone marrow |
Medium |
- |
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| RT-4 |
Urinary bladder |
Low |
- |
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| U-2 OS |
Bone |
High |
- |
Weak |
| U-251 MG |
Brain |
Medium |
- |
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ANTIBODY SUMMARY
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The antibody summary section shows the antibodies that have been used for the antibody-based assays. Their clonality (pAb = polyclonal, mAb = monoclonal, msAb = monospecific) is given, together with the validation score for each performed assay (IH = immunohistochemistry, IF = immunofluorescence, WB = Western blot, PA = protein array).
The validation procedure and color codes are explained here.
The "Also mapped to"-column is displayed if the antigen used for the generation of the antibody has >=80% sequence identity to a protein from another gene. If so, a link is given to the other matched gene(s) in the Human Protein Atlas. The maximum sequence identity (%) of the antigen to the matched protein(s) encoded by that gene is given in parenthesis.
The "More Antibody Data"-button can be used to access the Antibody/Antigen view, with more detailed validation results.
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Antibody |
Clonality |
Validation |
| HPA020031 |
pAb |
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