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GENE AND PROTEIN SUMMARY

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Gene name

GLUL

Description

glutamate-ammonia ligase

Protein class

Enzymes, Mapped to UniProt SWISS-PROT

Protein evidence

High

Entrez gene summary

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is a main source of energy and is involved in cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and cell signaling. This gene is expressed during early fetal stages, and plays an important role in controlling body pH by removing ammonia from circulation. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.[provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]

External links

Ensembl, UniProt, Entrez gene, neXtProt, Antibodypedia

No of splice variants

4 in total
0 with predicted TM region
0 with predicted signal peptide

SUBCELLULAR LOCATION SUMMARY

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Main location(s)

Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

Additional location(s)

Nucleus 

Staining summary

Staining of cytoplasm in all three cell lines with additional staining of mitochondria in A-431 and U-2 OS and of nucleus in U-2 OS and U-251 MG.

Reliability (Single)

Antibodies in assay

CAB008636
 

NORMAL TISSUE & ORGAN SUMMARY

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Expression summary

Cytoplasmic expression in several different cell types. Very distinct expression in e.g hepatocytes around the central vein and astrocytes.

Tissue specificity

Expressed in 37 out of 81 cell types

Reliability (APE)

Medium

Antibodies in assay

HPA007316, HPA007571, CAB008636
 

Organ

No of cell types

Protein expression

CNS (brain) 11
Hematopoietic (blood) 8
Liver and pancreas 5
Digestive (GI-tract) 13
Respiratory (lung) 4
Cardiovascular 1
Female tissues 13
Placenta 2
Male tissues 5
Urinary tract (kidney) 3
Skin and soft tissues 13
Endocrine tissues 3

Level of annotated protein expression





High
Medium
Low
None

CANCER TISSUE SUMMARY

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Staining summary

Antibody staining in 56% of the cancers

Antibodies in assay

HPA007316, HPA007571, CAB008636
 

Tissue

Cancer staining

Protein
expression of
normal tissue

Breast cancer
 
Carcinoid
 
Cervical cancer
 
 
Colorectal cancer
 
 
Endometrial cancer
 
 
Glioma
 
Head and neck cancer
 
 
Liver cancer
 
 
Lung cancer
 
 
Lymphoma
 
 
 

Tissue

Cancer staining

Protein
expression of
normal tissue

Melanoma
 
Ovarian cancer
 
Pancreatic cancer
 
Prostate cancer
 
Renal cancer
 
Skin cancer
 
Stomach cancer
 
 
Testis cancer
 
Thyroid cancer
 
Urothelial cancer
 

Level of antibody staining





Strong
Moderate
Weak
Negative

CELL LINE SUMMARY

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RNA evidence

High
 

Cell line

Cell origin

RNA abundance

IH staining

IF intensity

HPA007316

HPA007571

CAB008636

CAB008636

A-431 Skin High
Moderate
A-549 Lung High
CACO-2 Colon High
HEK 293 Embryonal kidney High
HeLa Cervix High
Hep-G2 Liver High
MCF-7 Pleural effusion High
PC-3 Bone marrow High
RT-4 Urinary bladder High
U-2 OS Bone Low
Moderate
U-251 MG Brain Medium
Moderate

ANTIBODY SUMMARY

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Antibody

Clonality

Validation

HPA007316 pAb
HPA007571 pAb
CAB008636 pAb