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GENE AND PROTEIN SUMMARY

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Gene name

HP

Description

haptoglobin

Protein class

Candidate cancer biomarkers, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes, Mapped to UniProt SWISS-PROT, Peptidases, Plasma proteins, Potential transmembrane proteins, Potentially secreted proteins

Protein evidence

High

Entrez gene summary

This gene encodes a preproprotein, which is processed to yield both alpha and beta chains, which subsequently combine as a tetramer to produce haptoglobin. Haptoglobin functions to bind free plasma hemoglobin, which allows degradative enzymes to gain access to the hemoglobin, while at the same time preventing loss of iron through the kidneys and protecting the kidneys from damage by hemoglobin. Mutations in this gene and/or its regulatory regions cause ahaptoglobinemia or hypohaptoglobinemia. This gene has also been linked to diabetic nephropathy, the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, inflammatory disease behavior, primary sclerosing cholangitis, susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson's disease, and a reduced incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. A similar duplicated gene is located next to this gene on chromosome 16. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

External links

Ensembl, UniProt, Entrez gene, neXtProt, Antibodypedia

No of splice variants

12 in total
0 with predicted TM region
12 with predicted signal peptide

SUBCELLULAR LOCATION SUMMARY

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Main location(s)

Mitochondria

Additional location(s)

 

Staining summary

Staining of mitochondria in U-251 MG and U-2 OS.

Reliability (Single)

Antibodies in assay

CAB003787
 

NORMAL TISSUE & ORGAN SUMMARY

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Expression summary

Selective expression in liver, distinct staining of plasma. Caution: Based on antibodies targeting proteins from multiple genes.

Tissue specificity

Expressed in 2 out of 80 cell types

Reliability (APE)

High

Antibodies in assay

CAB003787, HPA047750
 

Organ

No of cell types

Protein expression

CNS (brain) 11
Hematopoietic (blood) 8
Liver and pancreas 5
Digestive (GI-tract) 13
Respiratory (lung) 4
Cardiovascular 1
Female tissues 12
Placenta 2
Male tissues 5
Urinary tract (kidney) 3
Skin and soft tissues 13
Endocrine tissues 3

Level of annotated protein expression





High
Medium
Low
None

CANCER TISSUE SUMMARY

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Staining summary

Antibody staining in 30% of the cancers

Antibodies in assay

CAB003787, HPA047750
 

Tissue

Cancer staining

Protein
expression of
normal tissue

Breast cancer
 
Carcinoid
 
Cervical cancer
 
 
Colorectal cancer
 
 
Endometrial cancer
 
 
Glioma
 
Head and neck cancer
 
 
Liver cancer
 
 
Lung cancer
 
 
Lymphoma
 
 
 

Tissue

Cancer staining

Protein
expression of
normal tissue

Melanoma
 
Ovarian cancer
 
Pancreatic cancer
 
Prostate cancer
 
Renal cancer
 
Skin cancer
 
Stomach cancer
 
 
Testis cancer
 
Thyroid cancer
 
Urothelial cancer
 

Level of antibody staining





Strong
Moderate
Weak
Negative

CELL LINE SUMMARY

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RNA evidence

High
 

Cell line

Cell origin

RNA abundance

IH staining

IF intensity

CAB003787

HPA047750

CAB003787

A-431 Skin Not detected
Negative
A-549 Lung Not detected
CACO-2 Colon Not detected
HEK 293 Embryonal kidney Not detected
HeLa Cervix Not detected
Hep-G2 Liver High
MCF-7 Pleural effusion Not detected
PC-3 Bone marrow Not detected
RT-4 Urinary bladder Low
U-2 OS Bone Low
Weak
U-251 MG Brain Not detected
Weak

ANTIBODY SUMMARY

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Antibody

Clonality

Validation

Also mapped to

CAB003787 mAb
HPA047750 pAb
HPR (100%)