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S100A12
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  • S100A12
PROTEIN SUMMARY SECTION OVERVIEW RNA DATA ANTIBODY DATA
Amygdala Basal ganglia Thalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Hippocampal formation Spinal cord White matter Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Choroid plexus Hypothalamus Retina Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Lung Salivary gland Esophagus Tongue Stomach Rectum Duodenum Small intestine Colon Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Kidney Urinary bladder Testis Epididymis Prostate Seminal vesicle Vagina Breast Cervix Endometrium Fallopian tube Ovary Placenta Heart muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Adipose tissue Skin Bone marrow Lymph node Thymus Tonsil Appendix Spleen
S100A12 INFORMATION
Proteini

Full gene name according to HGNC.

S100 calcium binding protein A12
Gene namei

Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.

S100A12 (CAAF1, CAGC, CGRP, ENRAGE, MRP6, p6)
Protein classi

Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).

Read more
Plasma proteins
Number of transcriptsi

Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.

1
Protein evidence Evidence at protein level (all genes)
PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND LOCALIZATION
Tissue profilei

A summary of the overall protein expression profile across the analyzed normal tissues based on knowledge-based annotation, presented in the Tissue section.

"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data in combination with immunohistochemistry data has been evaluated as not sufficient to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
Selective cytoplasmic expression in lymphoid organs and peripheral immune cells in several tissues.
Subcellular location Not available
Predicted locationi

All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.

  • Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.

  • Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).

The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.

Read more
Intracellular, Secreted (different isoforms)
Extracellular locationi

All genes with at least one isoform expected to be secreted to the extracellular environment have been annotated and classified either as secreted to blood or as locally secreted, depending on the predicted final location of the corresponding protein. Proteins expected to be locally secreted have been further classified according to their site of expression.

Read more
Secreted to blood
TISSUE RNA EXPRESSION
Tissue specificityi

The RNA specificity category is based on normalized mRNA expression levels in the consensus dataset, calculated from the RNA expression levels in samples from HPA and GTEX. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.

Read more
Tissue enriched (bone marrow)
Tissue expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across tissues. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Read more
Neutrophils - Humoral immune response (mainly)
Brain specificityi

The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. All brain expression profiles are based on data from HPA. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category

Read more
Low human brain regional specificity
Single cell type specificityi

The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed cell types based on scRNA-seq data from normal tissues. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.

Read more
Group enriched (Kupffer cells, Macrophages, Hofbauer cells)
Single cell type
expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Read more
Macrophages - Degranulation (mainly)
Tissue cell type classificationi

Genes can have enriched specificity in different cell types in one or several tissues, or be enriched in a core cell type that appears in many different tissues.

Read more
Core cell type enriched (Neutrophils)
IMMUNE CELLS
Immune cell specificityi

The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.

Read more
Group enriched (neutrophil, classical monocyte)
Immune cell
expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Read more
Neutrophils - Inflammatory response (mainly)
CANCER & CELL LINES
Prognostic summary Prognostic marker in renal cancer (unfavorable) Renal cancer p<0.001
Cancer specificityi

Specificity of RNA expression in 17 cancer types is categorized as either cancer enriched, group enriched, cancer enhanced, low cancer specificity and not detected.

Read more
Cancer enhanced (head and neck cancer)
Cell line
expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across cell lines. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Read more
Keratinocytes - Epithelial cell function (mainly)
Cell line specificityi

RNA specificity category based on RNA sequencing data from cancer cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas grouped according to type of cancer. Genes are classified into six different categories (enriched, group enriched, enhanced, low specificity and not detected) according to their RNA expression levels across the panel of cell lines.

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Cancer enhanced (Cervical cancer, Head and neck cancer)
PROTEINS IN BLOOD
Upregulated in diseasei

A gene is classified as upregulated in a disease if the average concentration of all samples of that disease is significantly higher (adj P-value<0.05) than the average concentration of samples of all diseases as measured by PEA . For gender specific diseases the analysis includes only samples corresponding to the same gender from the other diseases.

Ovarian cancer, Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Lung cancer, Glioma
Disease prediction modeli

The disease(s) the gene is associated with and able to predict according to glmnet prediction models. To be included the gene has to be upregulated according to differential expression analysis and have more than 50% overall importance as indicated by the prediction models.

No
Secretome annotationi

All genes with at least one predicted secreted isoform have been annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are:

  • secreted into blood
  • locally secreted
  • or actually being attached to membrane or retained in intracellular locations like mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus or lysosomes.

Read more
Secreted to blood
Detected in blood by
immunoassayi

The blood-based immunoassay category applies to actively secreted proteins and is based on plasma or serum protein concentrations established with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, compiled from a literature search. The categories include: detected and not detected, where detection refers to a concentration found in the literature search.

Read more
Yes
Detected in blood by
mass spectrometryi

Detection or not of the gene in blood, based on spectral count estimations from a publicly available mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomics data set obtained from the PeptideAtlas.

Yes
Detected in blood by
proximity extension assayi

Detection or not of the gene in blood, based on proximity extension assays (Olink) for a longitudinal wellness study covering 76 individuals with three visits during two years.

Read more
Yes
PROTEIN FUNCTION
Protein function (UniProt)i

Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.

S100A12 is a calcium-, zinc- and copper-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. Its pro-inflammatory activity involves recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of cell adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. Acts as a monocyte and mast cell chemoattractant. Can stimulate mast cell degranulation and activation which generates chemokines, histamine and cytokines inducing further leukocyte recruitment to the sites of inflammation. Can inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases; MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 by chelating Zn(2+) from their active sites. Possesses filariacidal and filariastatic activity. Calcitermin possesses antifungal activity against C.albicans and is also active against E.coli and P.aeruginosa but not L.monocytogenes and S.aureus.... show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i

Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.

Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Fungicide
Biological process (UniProt)i

Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.

Immunity, Inflammatory response, Innate immunity
Ligand (UniProt)i

Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.

Calcium, Copper, Metal-binding, Zinc
Gene summary (Entrez)i

Useful information about the gene from Entrez

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein is proposed to be involved in specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and its regulatory effect on cytoskeletal components may modulate various neutrophil activities. The protein includes an antimicrobial peptide which has antibacterial activity. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]... show less

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