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LGALS9
HPA
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  • LGALS9
PROTEIN SUMMARY GENE INFORMATION RNA DATA ANTIBODY DATA
Hippocampal formation Amygdala Basal ganglia Midbrain Spinal cord Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Hypothalamus Choroid plexus Retina Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pituitary gland Lung Salivary gland Esophagus Tongue Stomach Small intestine Duodenum Rectum Colon Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Kidney Urinary bladder Testis Epididymis Prostate Seminal vesicle Vagina Breast Cervix Endometrium Fallopian tube Ovary Placenta Heart muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Adipose tissue Skin Bone marrow Thymus Tonsil Appendix Spleen Lymph node
LGALS9 INFORMATION
Proteini

Full gene name according to HGNC.

Galectin 9
Gene namei

Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.

LGALS9 (LGALS9A)
Protein classi

Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s).

Protein evidence Evidence at protein level (all genes)
Number of transcriptsi

Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.

7
Protein interactions Interacting with 6 proteins
PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND LOCALIZATION
Tissue profilei

A summary of the overall protein expression profile across the analyzed normal tissues based on knowledge-based annotation, presented in the Tissue resource.

"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data in combination with immunohistochemistry data has been evaluated as not sufficient to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
Cytoplasmic expression in most cell types.
Subcellular locationi

Main subcellular location based on data generated in the subcellular section of the Human Protein Atlas.

Localized to the Cytosol
Predicted locationi

All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.

  • Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.

  • Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).

The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.

Secreted, Intracellular (different isoforms)
Extracellular locationi

All genes with at least one isoform expected to be secreted to the extracellular environment have been annotated and classified either as secreted to blood or as locally secreted, depending on the predicted final location of the corresponding protein. Proteins expected to be locally secreted have been further classified according to their site of expression.

Secreted to blood
TISSUE RNA EXPRESSION
Tissue specificityi

The RNA specificity category is based on normalized mRNA expression levels in the consensus dataset, calculated from the RNA expression levels in samples from HPA and GTEX. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.

Tissue enhanced (Intestine, Stomach)
Tissue expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across tissues. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Small intestine - Absorption (mainly)
Brain specificityi

The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. All brain expression profiles are based on data from HPA. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category

Low human brain regional specificity
Brain expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across tissues. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Macrophages & Microglia - Immune response (mainly)
CELL TYPE RNA EXPRESSION
Single cell type specificityi

The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed cell types based on scRNA-seq data from normal tissues. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.

Cell type enhanced (Hofbauer cells, monocytes, Kupffer cells, Distal enterocytes, Paneth cells, Intestinal goblet cells, Gastric mucus-secreting cells, Macrophages)
Single cell type
expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Macrophages - Innate immune response (mainly)
Tissue cell type classificationi

Genes can have enriched specificity in different cell types in one or several tissues, or be enriched in a core cell type that appears in many different tissues.

Cell type enriched (Adrenal gland - Macrophages, Lung - Macrophages, Spleen - Macrophages, Stomach - Gastric mucous cells)
Immune cell specificityi

The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.

Low immune cell specificity
Immune cell
expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Non-specific - Unknown function (mainly)
CANCER & CELL LINES
Prognostic summary LGALS9 is not prognostic
Cancer specificityi

Specificity of RNA expression in 17 cancer types is categorized as either cancer enriched, group enriched, cancer enhanced, low cancer specificity and not detected.

Low cancer specificity
Cell line
expression clusteri

The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across cell lines. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.

Myeloid leukemia - Innate immune response (mainly)
Cell line specificityi

RNA specificity category based on RNA sequencing data from cancer cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas grouped according to type of cancer. Genes are classified into six different categories (enriched, group enriched, enhanced, low specificity and not detected) according to their RNA expression levels across the panel of cell lines.

Cancer enhanced (Leukemia)
PROTEINS IN BLOOD
Upregulated in diseasei

A gene is classified as upregulated in a disease if the average concentration of all samples of that disease is significantly higher (adj P-value<0.005 and NPX difference>=1) than the average concentration of samples of all diseases as measured by PEA . For gender specific diseases the analysis includes only samples corresponding to the same gender from the other diseases.

Dengue fever, Malaria, Myositis, Influenza, Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, HIV, Streptococcal soft tissue infection, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Pneumococcal pneumonia, Acute myeloid leukemia
Disease prediction modeli

The disease(s) the gene is associated with and able to predict according to glmnet prediction models. To be included the gene has to be upregulated according to differential expression analysis and have more than 50% overall importance as indicated by the prediction models.

No
Secretome annotationi

All genes with at least one predicted secreted isoform have been annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are:

  • secreted into blood
  • locally secreted
  • or actually being attached to membrane or retained in intracellular locations like mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus or lysosomes.

Secreted to blood
Detected in blood by
immunoassayi

The blood-based immunoassay category applies to actively secreted proteins and is based on plasma or serum protein concentrations established with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, compiled from a literature search. The categories include: detected and not detected, where detection refers to a concentration found in the literature search.

Yes
Detected in blood by
mass spectrometryi

Detection or not of the gene in blood, based on spectral count estimations from a publicly available mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomics data set obtained from the PeptideAtlas.

No
Detected in blood by
proximity extension assayi

Detection or not of the gene in blood, based on proximity extension assays (Olink) for a longitudinal wellness study covering 76 individuals with three visits during two years.

Yes
PROTEIN FUNCTION
Protein function (UniProt)i

Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.

Binds galactosides bmed/18005988">1. Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide 2. Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3 3. Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death 4. Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth (By similarity). Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration 5. Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function (By similarity). Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation 6. Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection 7. Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells 8, 9. Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells 10. Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells 11, 12. Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function 13. Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy 14. Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production (By similarity). May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion (By similarity). Highly selective to the anion urate (By similarity).... show less
Biological process (UniProt)i

Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they are involved in a particular biological process.

Chemotaxis, Immunity
Ligand (UniProt)i

Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins because they bind, are associated with, or whose activity is dependent of some molecule.

Lectin
Gene summary (Entrez)i

Useful information about the gene from Entrez

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The protein encoded by this gene is an S-type lectin. It is overexpressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue and might participate in the interaction between the H&RS cells with their surrounding cells and might thus play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease and/or its associated immunodeficiency. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]... show less

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