Estrogens are synthesized in both females and males through the aromatization of androgen precursors, with the ovaries serving as the primary source of estrogen in premenopausal females and peripheral tissues contributing substantially to estrogen production in males. Aromatase synthesizes estrone and estradiol from androstenedione and testosterone, respectively; 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases interconvert estrone and estradiol and alter estrogenic potency. Estrogen sulfotransferase forms estrone sulfate, and steroid sulfatase releases free estrone from this conjugate. Cytochrome P450 enzymes form 2-, 4-, and 16-hydroxylated estrogen metabolites; COMT methylates the 2- and 4-hydroxy catechol estrogens to methoxyestrogens. Catechol estrogens can also oxidize to semiquinones and quinones.
Gene essentiality, reactions and expression in the selected subsystem
Explore how the genes of the selected subsystem vary across human cell types and cell type groups. The toggles switch between three views: whether each gene is predicted to be essential, non-essential or not present in each cell-type model, the number of reactions each gene is associated with in the selected subsystem of each model, and mRNA expression in each cell type or cell type group. Selecting a gene highlights its associated reactions in the subsystem map above. Some genes are predicted to be essential in all cell types, suggesting that they catalyse steps for which the model has no alternative route, whereas others are essential only in certain cell types or non-essential throughout, which may reflect alternative enzymes, isoforms or pathways that can compensate for their loss. Comparing the three views helps to show whether differences between cell types reflect differences in gene expression or in the metabolism of each cell type.
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