Folate metabolism provides one-carbon cofactors for nucleotide synthesis and methionine regeneration. Dihydrofolate reductase regenerates tetrahydrofolate, while other enzymes interconvert its one-carbon derivatives, including 5-formyl-, 10-formyl-, 5,10-methenyl-, 5,10-methylene-, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Folylpolyglutamate synthase extends the glutamate chains of folates to promote their retention in cells, while gamma-glutamyl hydrolase removes these chains.
Gene essentiality, reactions and expression in the selected subsystem
Explore how the genes of the selected subsystem vary across human cell types and cell type groups. The toggles switch between three views: whether each gene is predicted to be essential, non-essential or not present in each cell-type model, the number of reactions each gene is associated with in the selected subsystem of each model, and mRNA expression in each cell type or cell type group. Selecting a gene highlights its associated reactions in the subsystem map above. Some genes are predicted to be essential in all cell types, suggesting that they catalyse steps for which the model has no alternative route, whereas others are essential only in certain cell types or non-essential throughout, which may reflect alternative enzymes, isoforms or pathways that can compensate for their loss. Comparing the three views helps to show whether differences between cell types reflect differences in gene expression or in the metabolism of each cell type.
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The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
