Subcellular - SDHA - The Human Protein Atlas

GENERAL INFORMATIONⁱ General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene nameⁱ Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.	SDHA
Gene descriptionⁱ Full gene name according to HGNC.	Succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A
Protein classⁱ Assigned HPA protein class(es) for the encoded protein(s). Read more	Cancer-related genes Citric acid cycle related proteins Disease related genes Enzymes FDA approved drug targets Human disease related genes Metabolic proteins Plasma proteins Transporters
Predicted locationⁱ All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached. Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s). The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.	Intracellular
Number of transcriptsⁱ Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.	5

HUMAN PROTEIN ATLAS INFORMATIONⁱ Summary of RNA expression and protein localization based on data generated within the Human Protein Atlas project.
Main locationⁱ Main subcellular location(s) and reliability score(s) for the encoded protein(s) in human cells. The main location(s) may be characterized by presence in all tested cell lines and/or ihigher staining intensity compared to the potential additional location(s). If available, links to overrepresentation analyses in Reactome, a free, open-source, curated and peer reviewed biological pathway database, are provided. An analysis is done for the corresponding gene set of the proteome localizing to the main and additional locations of the protein on this page, respectively.	Localized to the Mitochondria (supported)
Additional locationⁱ Additonal subcellular location(s) for the encoded protein(s) in human cells. The additional location(s) may not be present i all cell lines and may have lower staining intensity compared to the main location(s). If available, links to overrepresentation analyses in Reactome, a free, open-source, curated and peer reviewed biological pathway database, are provided. An analysis is done for the corresponding gene set of the proteome localizing to the main and additional locations of the protein on this page, respectively.	In addition localized to the Plasma membrane (uncertain)
Single-cell variationⁱ Single-cell variations in protein expression levels or distribution observed between cells within the same images of human cells stained by immunocytochemistry.	Single-cell variation in protein expression observed.
Cell cycle dependencyⁱ Cell-cycle dependance of single-cell variations in RNA and/or protein expression as observed in an additional assay for characterizing single-cell variations. "NA" indicates a lack of such data.	Variation in protein and transcript expression do not correlate to the cell-cycle.
Reliability scoreⁱ Overall gene reliability score for the subcellular location(s) of the encoded protein(s). The score indicates the level of reliability of the annotated protein localization based on agreement with available experimental gene/protein characterization data in the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database and presence of antibody validation assays for immunocytochemistry.	Supported
Antibodiesⁱ Antibodies used for this assay. Click on an antibody for more information.	HPA041981
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ASSAYSⁱ

Summaryⁱ

Mainly localized to the mitochondria. In addition localized to the plasma membrane.

Main locationⁱ

Mitochondria (supported)

Additional locationⁱ

Plasma membrane (uncertain)

HUMAN CELL LINES

iPSCs

Single cell variation

RNA expression

HUMAN CELL LINESⁱ


	Toggle channelsⁱ Buttons for turning on and off the different channels in the multi-color images. The intensity toggle shows the pixel intensity range in 16 different colors for the selected channel. The object toggle shows the computational segmentation of the cells used for further analysis in the HPA project. For samples where cell cycle dependency for the protein is suggested according to a correlation assay the predicted cell cycle position of each cell is displayed when using the object toggle.	Low High

Antibodyⁱ Antibody used for analysis. Clicking the antibody ID links to the antibody validation page.	Cell lineⁱ Cell line used for analysis. Read more about the cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas.	Cell line RNA Expression (nTPM)ⁱ RNA expression level in the cell line based on normalised RNA sequencing data. Genes with a value above 1 nTPM are considered to be expressed.	Locationⁱ Observed subcellular location(s).	Single-cell variationⁱ Observed single-cell variation(s) in the staining pattern. Variation in protein expression levels can be observed as varaiations in the intensity of the immunofluorescent signal, while spatial variations can be observed as variations in subcellular distribution of the protein.
HPA041981	HeLa	369.6	Mitochondria	Yes
HPA041981	MCF-7	179.7	Mitochondria	Yes
HPA041981	U2OS	86.3	Mitochondria	Yes

iPSCsⁱ


	Toggle channelsⁱ Buttons for turning on and off the different channels in the multi-color images. The intensity toggle shows the pixel intensity range in 16 different colors for the selected channel. The object toggle shows the computational segmentation of the cells used for further analysis in the HPA project. For samples where cell cycle dependency for the protein is suggested according to a correlation assay the predicted cell cycle position of each cell is displayed when using the object toggle.	Low High

Thumbnailⁱ Minatures of all available images. The checkboxes can be used to select which three images to compare in the window above. All images are also clickable for an enlarged view. The selected image will appear in large size and miniature images with all other staining results for this gene will be listed at the top left of the image. The selected miniature image has an orange overlay.	Antibodyⁱ Antibody used for analysis. Clicking the antibody ID links to the antibody validation page.	Cell lineⁱ Cell line used for analysis. Read more about the cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas.	Cell line RNA Expression (nTPM)ⁱ RNA expression level in the cell line based on normalised RNA sequencing data. Genes with a value above 1 nTPM are considered to be expressed.	Locationⁱ Observed subcellular location(s).	Single-cell variationⁱ Observed single-cell variation(s) in the staining pattern. Variation in protein expression levels can be observed as varaiations in the intensity of the immunofluorescent signal, while spatial variations can be observed as variations in subcellular distribution of the protein.	Cell cycle dependent variationⁱ Cell-cycle dependance of observed single-cell variations in RNA and/or protein expression as observed in an additional assay for characterizing single-cell variations.
	HPA041981	KOLF2.1J		Plasma membrane

SINGLE CELL VARIATIONⁱ

Summaryⁱ

Variation in protein and transcript expression do not correlate to the cell-cycle.

Locationⁱ

Mitochondria

Protein expression across cell cycleⁱ

HPA041981: U-2 OS FUCCI	HPA041981: U-2 OS FUCCI
Toggle channelsⁱ Buttons for turning on and off the different channels in the multi-color images.

RNA expression across cell cycleⁱ

RNA EXPRESSION OVERVIEWⁱ

Organ

Origin