The Tissue and Cell Specific Proteome
All, 20162, human genes are classified according to their expression across all tissue and cell types in the human body. Few of the genes are strictly tissue or cell type specific, however, the genes with an elevated expression in particular tissues or cell types are interesting as a starting point to understand their biology and function, and underlying mechanisms for disease.
Out of the 11035 genes classified as elevated in at least one tissue type, 10337 genes are also classified as elevated in at least one cell type. By comparing the two datasets and gene classifications we can increase the resolution and understadning of tissue and cell specific gene expression. Although the sampled tissues are not a complete overlap, the majority of tissue and cell types are represented.
- A total of 11035 genes show elevated expression in at least one of the analyzed tissues, included in the Tissue Atlas
- A total of 17294 genes show elevated expression in at least one of the analyzed tissues, included in the Single Cell Type Atlas
Transcriptome analysis of all main tissue and cell types in the human body can be visualized with regard to specificity and distribution of transcribed mRNA molecules across all 20162 protein coding genes. Specificity illustrates the number of genes with elevated or non-elevated expression in a particular tissue or cell type compared to other tissues and cell types. The analysis includes 11035 genes classified as elevated in at least one tissue type and 17294 genes classified as elevated in at least one cell type. In total, 1505 genes are classified as low tissue and cell type specificity, out of which 595 are detected in all tissue and cell types represented (read more in The housekeeping proteome).
The elevated expression categories
Elevated expression includes three subcategory types of elevated expression:
- Tissue enriched: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in a particular tissue/cell type compared to any other tissues/cell types.
- Group enriched: At least four-fold higher average mRNA level in a group of 2-5 tissues or grouped cell types compared to any other tissues/cell types.
- Tissue enhanced: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in a particular tissue/cell type compared to the average level in all other tissues/cell types.
Comparing tissue elevated with cell type elevated
The gene classification strategy defining elevated gene expression is applied to all datasets of the Human Protein Atlas. Here, genes with an elevated expression profile in tissue types and cell types are compared. Cell type specific expression patterns are often overlapping with tissue type elevated expression, however, it is not a rule. Cell types that can be found in all tissue types, such as vascular cells or connective tissue are examples of cell type specific expression that are more general when comparing expression levels between tissue types. In addition, proteins with a general function detected in all cells and tissues can also be associated with a specific cell type with higher activity of that biological process, such is the case with secretion, transportation or signaling molecules that has a general function throuout the body but hihgly expressed selected cell types.
Table 1.The number of genes in the respective categories of elevated expression. Comparing tissue elevated expression based on 36 tissues types with the cell type elevated expression based on 154 cell types (representing 34 tissue types).
The single cell type expression profiles are based on 81 cell types grouped into 15 different cell type groups, based on data representing 31 different tissue types. The tissues represented in the Single Cell Resource overlap but not completely cover the 36 tissue types profiled in the Tissue Resource. The tissue types currently lacking representation in the single cell type expression profiles are gallbladder, epididymis, seminal vesicle, urinary bladder, vagina, cervix, adrenal gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland and pituitary gland. While the brain representation in the aggregated single cell type overview is limited to the cerebral cortex and the eye is limited to the retina both in the cell type data as well as the tissue bulk data. These details are important to keep in mind when comparing the categories across the data sets.
Tissue and cell type enriched examples
Comparing gene expression across tissue types, 129 genes are classified as retina enriched, out of which 61 genes are enriched in either Bipolar cells, Horizontal cells, Cone -, or Rod photoreceptor cells of the retina. By comparing the tissue level classification with the cell type enrichment, not only can we determine the genes with retina elevated expression- but also in what retinal cells the genes are expressed. Among mentioned genes, we can for example find the opsin genes, essential for signaling state of light absorption, the three opsin1 genes with short (OPN1SW), medium (OPN1MW) or long (OPN1LW) wave length sensitivity, are all specifically expressed by the cone photoreceptors. Arrestin 3, ARR3, show similar expression profile as opsin 1, and has been detected on protein level using immunohistochemistry, in the Tissue Atlas. Cone-rod homeobox, CRX, on the other hand show group enriched expression profile, expressed and detected on protein level in both rod and cone photoreceptor cells, with lower expression also in bipolar cells. Compared to, Visual system homeobox 2 (VSX2) with enriched expression in bipolar cells and Muller glial cells,
ARR3
CRX
VSX2
ARR3 - eye
CRX - eye
VSX2 - eye
Surfactant protein A1 (SFTPA1) and Surfactant protein B (SFTPB) are both involved in surfactant homeostasis and the defense against respiratory pathogens, they show enriched expression levels in lung compared to other tissue types, and when investigated on cell type level SFTPA1 show enrichment in Alveolar cell type 2, while SFTPB is group enriched, highly expressed by both alveolar cell type 1 and 2. In fact, most of the genes classified as lung enriched are specific for the alveolar cell types, one of the
Macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1)
SFTPA1 - lung
SFTPB - lung
MSR1 - lung
SFTPA1 - lung
SFTPB - lung
MSR1 - lung
Low tissue specificity and cell type elevated
There are 6303 genes classified as low tissue specificity, out of which 246 genes are classified as enriched in a cell type.
Multimerin 1 (MMRN1) is classified as low tissue specificity when comparing bulk RNAseq in tissue types, while on the cell type level is classified as cell type enriched, in lymphatic endothelial cells. MMRN1 is detected on protein level in the endothelial cells, and strong immunolabel is observed in the lymphatic endothelial cells. Similarly, the endothelial cell marker CD34 is classified as low tissue specificity while based on single cell type data shows a selective expression profile, with highest expression in adipocytes, endothelial cells and mensenchymal cells.
MMRN1
MMRN1 - fallopian tube
CD34
CD34 - fallopian tube
The Gap junction protein alpha 1(GJA1) is a transporter detected throughout the body, but not in all cell types. It is classified as low tissue specificity, as well as cell type elevated in a group of cell types, such as basal keratinocytes, alveolar cells, endothelial cells and astrocytes. GJA1 in the brain is highly expressed by astrocytes, followed by ependymal cells. This is an example of how combining the tissue specificity with the cell type specificity provides a comprehensive expression profile overview.
GJA1 - cerebral cortex
GJA1
GJA1 - fallopian tube
The postsynaptic density scaffolding protein homer scaffold protein 3 (HOMER3) is expressed by and located in Purkinje cells, and interneurons of the cerebellar molecular layer, in the brain. From one perspective it is described as a protein with high specificity, especially when exploring the expression profile in brain cell types. Cell types representing the whole body also tells the story of a rather selective expression profile, with elevated expression in lymphatic endothelial cells, proximal tubular cells, Hofbauer cells and Muller glial cells. Interestingly, when classifying based on tissue bulk data, it shows low tissue specificity, detected in all tissue types. However, high expression is observed in both the cerebellum and spleen (which is dense in lymphatic endothelial cells), and this can also be shown on protein level by immunolabeling.
HOMER3
HOMER3 - cerebellum
HOMER3
Low cell type specificity and tissue elevated
84 genes are classified as low cell type specificity while also being high lighed as tissue elevated. Out of these, 10 are classified as tissue enriched.
There are no clear trends within this list of genes, but there are several examples of generally expressed proteins, such as AAMDC, ADSL, and KPNA4 detected in all cell types, and all tissue types with a higher expression in the skeletal muscle.
Low tissue specificity that is also low cell type specificity are often associated with housekeeping functions, especially in the case where they are detected by all tissue and cell types. Read more about the housekeeping proteome here.
Not detected while elevated expression in the other
As mentioned above, related to Table 1, it is not a 100% overlap between the samples used for profiling, some tissues are missing in the cell type profiling while present in the tissue type sequencing. Such as epididymis, adrenal gland and pituittary gland, all with numerous genes with elevated expression.
Additionally, single cell sequencing facilitates a good profiling also for sparse cells.
GJA10 show elevated expression in Horizontal & Bipolar cells, while the expression in tissue bulk retina samples is just below the cut off- thus classified as not detected. The low abundance of expression in retina is no surprise since it is a limited number of cells in the tissue, while the cell type clustering enables a clear cell type expression profile.
Tissue elevated expression
The tissue specific expression profile of all human protein-coding genes can be explored from the perspective of each tissue type. In addition to the specificity category, distribution (visualizes how many genes have, or do not have, detectable levels (nTPM≥1) of transcribed mRNA molecules) is also defined for each tissue type:
- Detected in single: Detected in a single tissue
- Detected in some: Detected in more than one but less than one third of tissues
- Detected in many: Detected in at least a third but not all tissues
- Detected in all: Detected in all tissues
Figure 1. (A) The distribution of all genes across the five categories based on transcript specificity in all 36 analyzed tissues. (B) The distribution of all genes across the six categories based on transcript detection (nTPM≥1) in all 36 analyzed tissues.
Table 2.The number of genes in the subdivided categories of elevated expression in all 36 analyzed tissues.
The amount of tissue elevated genes is highly variable between the analyzed tissue types (see Table 2 below). Testis shows the highest number of tissue enriched genes (n=932), followed by the brain (n=475) and liver (n=267). When taking into consideration all tissue elevated genes, the brain however has a slightly higher number than the testis. A large number of enriched genes in testis is considered to be due to the highly specialized processes occurring during spermatogenesis. Many of these genes likely have a shared expression with oocytes in the female ovaries. Oocytes are however difficult to analyze because of the complex kinetics of female germ cell development, including first rounds of meiosis, which in females occur at the embryonic stage. As expected, tissues that have similar functions and morphology often have higher numbers of shared group enriched genes.
Table 3. The tissue elevated genes for each of the 36 tissue types, shown for the different categories of elevated expression.
Examples of tissue elevated proteins
The comprehensive analysis presented here has identified 11035 human genes that display a tissue elevated expression pattern across the human body. By combining the analysis with antibody-based protein profiling using immunohistochemistry, the exact location of the corresponding protein expression pattern at a cellular and subcellular level can be provided. Examples of protein expression patterns of tissue elevated genes are presented below.
Brain
- GFAP (Glial fibrillary acidic protein) - astrocyte intermediate filament protein
- MBP (Myelin basic protein) - a major constituent of the myelin sheath
- ELAVL3 (ELAV like RNA binding protein 3) - neural-specific RNA-binding protein
GFAP - cerebral cortex
MBP - hippocampus
ELAVL3 - cerebral cortex
Endocrine tissues
- FSHB (Follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit) – hormone inducing egg and sperm production
- TG (Thyroglobulin) - substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones
- HSD3B2 (Hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 2) - involved in the biosynthesis of hormonal steroids
FSHB - pituitary gland
TG - thyroid gland
HSD3B2 - adrenal gland
Gastrointestinal tract
- PGA4 (Pepsinogen 4, group I (pepsinogen A)) - enzyme for digestion of dietary proteins
- DEFA5 (Defensin alpha 5) - antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptide involved in host defense
- KRT20 (Keratin 20) - maintains keratin filament organization in intestinal epithelia
PGA4 - stomach
DEFA5 - duodenum
KRT20 - colon
Liver & gallbladder
- ALB (Albumin) - plasma protein
- CYP2A13 (Cytochrome P450 member) - involved in drug metabolism, cholesterol and steroid synthesis
- CHST4 (Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 4) - an enzyme involved in the modification of glycan structures
ALB - liver
CYP2A13 - liver
CHST4 - gallbladder
Pancreas
- AMY2A (Amylase, alpha 2A) - an enzyme that digests carbohydrates, secreted by exocrine cells
- INS (Insulin) - involved in lowering of blood glucose, secreted by beta cells
- GCG (Glucagon) - involved in the elevation of blood glucose, secreted by alpha cells
AMY2A - pancreas
INS - pancreas
GCG - pancreas
Kidney & urinary bladder
- SLC22A13 (Solute carrier family 22 member 13) - membrane-bound organic anion transporter
- NPHS2 (Podocin) - involved in the regulation of glomerular permeability
- UPK2 (Uroplakin 2) - membrane protein preventing cell rupture during bladder distention
SLC22A13 - kidney
NPHS2 - kidney
UPK2 - urinary bladder
Male tissues
- DMRT1 (Doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor 1) - involved in meiosis
- SEMG1 (Semenogelin I) - a predominant protein in semen
- KLK3 (Kallikrein related peptidase 3) - also called PSA, is used clinically to diagnose prostate cancer
DMRT1 - testis
SEMG1 - seminal vesicle
KLK3 - prostate
Female tissues
- CSH1 (Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 ) - hormone important for growth control during pregnancy
- OVGP1 (Oviductal glycoprotein 1) - mucus protein important in mucociliary transport of the fertilized ovum
- PWWP3B (PWWP domain containing 3B) - a protein with a mutated melanoma-associated antigen 1 domain, associated with cancer
CSH1 - placenta
OVGP1 - fallopian tube
PWWP3B - ovary
Muscle tissues
- TNNI3 (Troponin I3, cardiac type) - mediates muscle relaxation
- TNNT2 (Troponin T2, cardiac type) - mediates muscle contraction
- MYH7 (Myosin heavy chain 7) - expressed in slow type I muscle fibers
TNNI3 - heart muscle
TNNT2 - heart muscle
MYH7 - skeletal muscle
Blood vessel
- CNN1 (Calponin 1) - involved in the regulation of muscle contraction
- PTGIS (Prostaglandin I2 synthase) - catalyses the biosynthesis of an anticoagulant factor
- FN1 (Fibronectin) - involved in blood coagulation
CNN1 - colon
PTGIS - lung
FN1 - gallbladder
Skin
- KRT1 (Keratin 1) - involved in squamous differentiation and skin barrier function
- KRT27 (Keratin 27) - plays a role in hair formation
- CASP14 (Caspase 14) - involved in keratinocyte differentiation and cornification
KRT1 - skin
KRT27 - hair
CASP14 - skin
Bone marrow & lymphoid tissues
- MPO (Myeloperoxidase) - major component of neutrophil azurophilic granules
- CD8B (CD8b molecule) - plays a critical role in thymic selection of CD8+ T-cells
- CD22 (CD22 molecule) - mediates interactions between B-cells
MPO - bone marrow
CD8B - thymus
CD22 - lymph node
Cell type elevated expression
The Single Cell type specific expression profile of all human protein-coding genes can be explored from the perspective of each grouped cell type. In addition to the specificity category, distribution (visualizes how many genes have, or do not have, detectable levels (nTPM≥1) of transcribed mRNA molecules) is also defined for each single cell type:
- Detected in single: Detected in a single cell type
- Detected in some: Detected in more than one but less than one third of cell types
- Detected in many: Detected in at least a third but not all cell types
- Detected in all: Detected in all cell types
Figure 2. (A) The distribution of all genes across the five categories based on transcript specificity in all 81 analyzed cell types, grouped into 15 cell type groups and representing 31 tissue types. (B) The distribution of all genes across the six categories based on transcript detection (nTPM≥1) in all 81 analyzed cell types.
Table 4.The number of genes in the subdivided categories of elevated expression in all 81 analyzed tissues.
Similarly to the tissue elevated expression profiles, the germ cells show a distinct expression compared to other tissues and cells, here indicated by the highest number of elevated genes found in the group of germ cells, where Testis specific cell types are responsible for 3619 genes out of the 4325 genes with an elevated expression in germ cells.
Table 5. The tissue elevated genes for each of the 15 grouped cell types (from 31 different tissue types) representing 81 different tissue cell types, shown for the different categories of elevated expression.
Examples of single cell type elevated proteins
The comprehensive analysis presented here has identified 11035 human genes that display a cell type elevated expression pattern. By combining the analysis with antibody-based protein profiling using immunohistochemistry, the exact location of the corresponding protein expression pattern at a cellular and subcellular level can be provided. Examples of protein expression patterns of cell type elevated genes are presented below.
Glandular epithelial cells
- FOXJ1 (forkhead box J1) - transcription factor required for the production of motile cilia.
- LPO (lactoperoxidase) - an enzyme that activates antimicrobial agents in the saliva.
- MYLK (myosin light chain kinase) - involved in smooth muscle contraction in breast myoepithelial cells.
FOXJ1 - bronchus
LPO - salivary gland
MYLK - breast
Stratified squamous epithelial cells
- KRT5 (keratin 5) - a type II cytokeratin which belongs to the keratin family of proteins and is involved in keeping the structural integrity of the basal cells together with keratin 14.
- CASP14 (caspase 14) - play a role in keratinocyte differentiation and required for cornification
- TP73 (Tumor protein p73) - a transcription factor participating in the apototic response to DNA damage.
KRT5 - skin
CASP14 - skin
TP73 - esophagus
Specialized epithelial cells
- AQP4 (aquaporin 4) - a cell membrane-bound channel that regulates water homeostasis of the fluid lining the lung.
- NOS1 (nitric oxide synthase 1) - a nitric oxide generating enzyme that has, among other functions, antimicrobial activity.
- SLC12A1 (solute carrier family 12 member 1) - a transporters essential for regulating the contents and volume of urine
AQP4 - lung
NOS1 - salivary gland
SLC12A1 - kidney
Endocrine cells
- PYY (peptide YY) - inhibits the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and peristaltic movements in the jejunum and colon
- IAPP (islet amyloid polypeptide) - a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism and acts as a satiation signal.
- INSL3 (insulin like 3) - a hormone which plays a role in reproductive tissue development.
PYY - rectum
IAPP - pancreas
INSL3 - testis
Germ cells
- TSPY2 (testis-specific protein, Y-linked 2) - a transcription factor that plays a key role in male sex determination and differentiation by controlling testis development and male germ cell proliferation.
- SPACA4 (sperm acrosome associated 4) - a sperm surface membrane protein that may be involved in sperm-egg plasma membrane adhesion and fusion during fertilization.
- ZP3 (zona pellucida glycoprotein 3) - a component of the zona pellucida, a structure that is important for subsequent fertilization by a sperm cell.
TSPY2 - testis
SPACA4 - testis
ZP3 - ovary
Trophoblast cells
- PEG10 (paternally expressed 10) - expressed by cytotrophoblasts and involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
- CSH2 (chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2) - a hormone only produced during pregnancy, involved in stimulating lactation, fetal growth, and metabolism.
- PAPPA2 (pregnancy and pappalysin 2) - a metalloproteinase thought to be a local regulator of insulin-like growth factor.
PEG10 - placenta
CSH2 - placenta
PAPPA2 - placenta
Muscle cells
- ATP2A2 (ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2) - an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.
- MYH2 (myosin heavy chain 2) - expressed in fast twitch muscle fibers.
- CNN1 (calponin 1) - a thin filament-associated protein that is implicated in the regulation and modulation of smooth muscle contraction.
ATP2A2 - heart muscle
MYH2 - skeletal muscle
CNN1 - prostate
Mesenchymal cells
- CD248 (CD248 molecule) - a glycoprotein that is implicated in the fibrotic process.
- ACTA2 (smooth muscle alpha actin) - a protein highly expressed in the peritubular structure.
- HOXA11 (homeobox A11) - play an important role in proliferation, differentiation and receptivity of the tissue.
CD248
ACTA2 - testis
HOXA11 - endometrium
Blood and immune cells
- THEMIS (Thymocyte Selection Associated) - a protein involved in the late phases of T-cell development.
- MS4A1 (Membrane Spanning 4-Domains A1) - expressed on the surface of B-cells during maturation and absent in early pro-B cells.
- MS4A2 (Membrane spanning 4-domains A2) - a membrane receptor in basophils and mast cells that binds to the FC region of IgE antibodies in order to enable the degranulation response where enzymes and other pro-inflammatory mediators are released to fight infection.
THEMIS - thymus
MS4A1 - lymph node
MS4A2 - tonsil
Among the blood and immune cells, there are tissue specific macrophages, assigned to specific tissues.
- Hofbauer cells, CD68 - a transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed by human monocytes and tissue macrophages.
- Kupffer cells, CD209 - a C-type lectin receptor that binds to pathogen associated molecular patterns on various microorganisms and this binding activates phagocytosis.
- Langerhans cells, CD1A - a transmembrane glycoprotein with structural similarities to MHC class I.
CD68 - placenta
CD209 - liver
CD1A - skin
Exploring the list of immune cells and the elevated genes across tissue types, there are numerous examples of immune cell specific expression that show low tissue specificity, due to being infiltrating cells found in most tissue types throughout the body. Above are examples of immune cells found in tissues but also being elevated on tissue level. The expression of tryptase beta 2 (TPSB2) show low tissue specificity, but a strong association to immune cells in different peripheral tissue types, such as the intestine.
TPSB2
TPSB2 - small intestine
Relevant links and publications
Tissue specific
Uhlén M et al., Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (2015)
PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419
Bergman J et al., The human adrenal gland proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. Endocrinology. (2016)
PubMed: 27901589 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1758
Edqvist PH et al., Expression of human skin-specific genes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. J Histochem Cytochem. (2015)
PubMed: 25411189 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414562646
Lindskog C et al., The human cardiac and skeletal muscle proteomes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. BMC Genomics. (2015)
PubMed: 26109061 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1686-y
Sjöstedt E et al., Defining the Human Brain Proteome Using Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling with a Focus on the Cerebral Cortex. PLoS One. (2015)
PubMed: 26076492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130028
Zieba A et al., The Human Endometrium-Specific Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling. OMICS. (2015)
PubMed: 26488136 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0115
O'Hurley G et al., Analysis of the Human Prostate-Specific Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling Identifies TMEM79 and ACOXL as Two Putative, Diagnostic Markers in Prostate Cancer. PLoS One. (2015)
PubMed: 26237329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133449
Habuka M et al., The Urinary Bladder Transcriptome and Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling. PLoS One. (2015)
PubMed: 26694548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145301
Andersson S et al., The transcriptomic and proteomic landscapes of bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues. PLoS One. (2014)
PubMed: 25541736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115911
Habuka M et al., The kidney transcriptome and proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. PLoS One. (2014)
PubMed: 25551756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116125
Mardinoglu A et al., Defining the human adipose tissue proteome to reveal metabolic alterations in obesity. J Proteome Res. (2014)
PubMed: 25219818 DOI: 10.1021/pr500586e
Kampf C et al., Defining the human gallbladder proteome by transcriptomics and affinity proteomics. Proteomics. (2014)
PubMed: 25175928 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400201
Lindskog C et al., The lung-specific proteome defined by integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. FASEB J. (2014)
PubMed: 25169055 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254862
Gremel G et al., The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling. J Gastroenterol. (2015)
PubMed: 24789573 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7
Kampf C et al., The human liver-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. FASEB J. (2014)
PubMed: 24648543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250555
Djureinovic D et al., The human testis-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. Mol Hum Reprod. (2014)
PubMed: 24598113 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau018
Fagerberg L et al., Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. (2014)
PubMed: 24309898 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600
Danielsson A et al., The human pancreas proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. PLoS One. (2014)
PubMed: 25546435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115421
Uhlén M et al., Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (2015)
PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419
Bergman J et al., The human adrenal gland proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. Endocrinology. (2016)
PubMed: 27901589 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1758
Edqvist PH et al., Expression of human skin-specific genes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. J Histochem Cytochem. (2015)
PubMed: 25411189 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414562646
Lindskog C et al., The human cardiac and skeletal muscle proteomes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. BMC Genomics. (2015)
PubMed: 26109061 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1686-y
Sjöstedt E et al., Defining the Human Brain Proteome Using Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling with a Focus on the Cerebral Cortex. PLoS One. (2015)
PubMed: 26076492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130028
Zieba A et al., The Human Endometrium-Specific Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling. OMICS. (2015)
PubMed: 26488136 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0115
O'Hurley G et al., Analysis of the Human Prostate-Specific Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling Identifies TMEM79 and ACOXL as Two Putative, Diagnostic Markers in Prostate Cancer. PLoS One. (2015)
PubMed: 26237329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133449
Habuka M et al., The Urinary Bladder Transcriptome and Proteome Defined by Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling. PLoS One. (2015)
PubMed: 26694548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145301
Andersson S et al., The transcriptomic and proteomic landscapes of bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues. PLoS One. (2014)
PubMed: 25541736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115911
Habuka M et al., The kidney transcriptome and proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. PLoS One. (2014)
PubMed: 25551756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116125
Mardinoglu A et al., Defining the human adipose tissue proteome to reveal metabolic alterations in obesity. J Proteome Res. (2014)
PubMed: 25219818 DOI: 10.1021/pr500586e
Kampf C et al., Defining the human gallbladder proteome by transcriptomics and affinity proteomics. Proteomics. (2014)
PubMed: 25175928 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400201
Lindskog C et al., The lung-specific proteome defined by integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. FASEB J. (2014)
PubMed: 25169055 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254862
Gremel G et al., The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling. J Gastroenterol. (2015)
PubMed: 24789573 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7
Kampf C et al., The human liver-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. FASEB J. (2014)
PubMed: 24648543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250555
Djureinovic D et al., The human testis-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. Mol Hum Reprod. (2014)
PubMed: 24598113 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gau018
Fagerberg L et al., Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. (2014)
PubMed: 24309898 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600
Danielsson A et al., The human pancreas proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling. PLoS One. (2014)
PubMed: 25546435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115421
Microscopical images of normal tissue - Tissue Dictionary (Human Protein Atlas)
GTEx Portal
UniProt
Allen Brain Atlas
Tabula Sapiens
Cell x Gene Discover
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
