General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Human gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Intracellular
Antibodies in assayi
The internal antibody ID for the antibody/antibodies available for this specific target, click link for more antibody information.
The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across tissues. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.
Sub-cortical - Mixed function (mainly)
Tissue specificityi
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the consensus dataset which is calculated from the RNA expression levels in samples from HPA and GTEX. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.
The tissue data for RNA expression obtained through Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) generated by the FANTOM project are reported as Scaled Tags Per Million. Color-coding is based on tissue groups, each consisting of tissues with functional features in common. To access sample data, click on tissue name or bar.
The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. All brain expression profiles are based on data from HPA. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category.
Low region specificity
Domain specificity
Low domain specificity
Tau specificity scorei
Tau specificity score is a numerical indicator of the specificity of the gene expression across cells or tissues. The value ranges from 0 and 1, where 0 indicates identical expression across all cells/tissue types, while 1 indicates expression in a single cell/tissue type.
0.05
Regional distributioni
The regional distribution category is based on mRNA expression detected above cut off or not in the analysed brain samples, grouped into 13 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. Brain expression for all species is based on data from HPA. The distribution categories include: detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue distribution category.
Detected in all
ASSAYSi
Links to data of the different assays available in the Tissue resource of the Human Protein Atlas. Click on the miniature images to directly get to the respective section.
The data is based on "bulk" RNAseq of micro-punched brain areas and brain nuclei. The size of the punches was adjusted to the size of the brain region to obtain detailed protein expression information on distinct cell populations. Multiple samples were collected from the same donors allowing a mild normalization and correction for individual variation. Data is expressed as normalized tags per million (nTPM). Protein expression data is organized on the 13 main brain structures representing the maximum value found in any of the brain areas that make up that structure. A detailed overview of the expression in any of the brain areas is summarized in bar plots for each brain structure.
Domain and subregion bars share a common scale (max 31.4 nTPM). Subregions are grouped by domain. Click a region for a detailed view.
STEREO-SEQ HUMAN BRAINi
The left image is based on imputation of transcript location based on single cell co-expression. Only locations that are supported by neighboring transcripts are shown. All pixels are allocated to a cell-type mask indicated by color. It should be noted that these are predictions on transcript location and not real detection of transcripts.
The bar plot on the right reveals the counts per million of that transcript in each cell-type mask. This is calculated by counting all transcripts for all cell-type masks and for unassigned spots (noise). For each protein coding transcript the unassigned counts are subtracted from the counts in each cell-type. The noise corrected counts are used to calculate counts per million that is plotted as Enrichment change. Note that this is based on real measurements of counts.
Detected in one or more regions but not spatially distinctive in any
Specificity summary
Low niche specificity in all niches.
Region
Niche specificity
Highest nCPM
Cerebral cortex
Low niche specificity
Layer 5 (69.6)
Pons
Low niche specificity
Neuronal 4 (locus coeruleus) (69.1)
Cerebellum
Low niche specificity
Granule layer (72)
Hippocampus
Low niche specificity
Subiculum (76.7)
Spinal cord
Low niche specificity
Lateral motor column (53.9)
SINGLE NUCLEI BRAINi
The data is based on Siletti K et al. (2023) public data. Color-coding is based on cell type groups (as defined in the single cell type data representing the whole body), in this case separated into the main cell categories of neuron, glial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and muscle cell (vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes).
RNA cell type specificity:
Low cell type specificity
RNA cell type tau score:
0.15
RNA neuronal cell type specificity:
Low cell type specificity
RNA neuronal cell type tau score:
0.08
Single nuclei cell types
HUMAN BRAIN PROTEIN LOCATIONi
The Human brain protein data is based on curated and manually selected Tissue Atlas data. The standard brain regions used in the Tissue Atlas are cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus and cerebellum, only selected cases include information on hypothalamus or retina. The score is based on knowledge-based annotation of the protein location in the main cell types. For genes where more than one antibody has been used, a collective score is set displaying the estimated true protein expression.
Non curated brain data available in the Tissue Atlas.
EXPRESSION CLUSTERING & CORRELATIONi
The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across samples. The resulting clusters have been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity. The annotation of the cluster is displayed together with a confidence score of the gene's assignment to the cluster. The confidence is calculated as the fraction of times the gene was assigned to this cluster in repeated calculations and is reported between 0 to 1, where 1 is the highest possible confidence. The clustering results are shown in a UMAP, where the cluster this gene was assigned to is highlighted as a colored area in which most of the cluster genes reside. A table shows the 15 most similar genes in terms of expression profile.
CEP68 is part of cluster 38Sub-cortical - Mixed function with confidencei
Confidence is the fraction of times a gene was assigned to the cluster in repeated clustering, and therefore reflects how strongly associated it is to the cluster. A confidence of 1 indicates that the gene was assigned to this cluster in all repeated clusterings.
Correlation between the selected gene and neighboring gene. Correlation is calculated as Spearman correlation in PCA space based on the RNA-seq expression data.
Clusteri
ID of the expression cluster of the neighboring gene.
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The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
