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General description of the gene and the encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
Gene namei
Official gene symbol, which is typically a short form of the gene name, according to HGNC.
Cancer-related genes Disease related genes Essential proteins Human disease related genes
Predicted locationi
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Summary of RNA expression analysis and annotation data generated within the Human Protein Atlas project.
Single cell type expression clusteri
The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across single cell types. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed cell types based on scRNA-seq data from normal tissues. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.
Cell type enriched (Late spermatids)
Tissue expression cluster (RNA)i
The RNA data was used to cluster genes according to their expression across tissues. Clusters contain genes that have similar expression patterns, and each cluster has been manually annotated to describe common features in terms of function and specificity.
Non-specific - Basic cellular processes (mainly)
Tissue specificity (RNA)i
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the consensus dataset which is calculated from the RNA expression levels in samples from HPA and GTEX. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.
Low tissue specificity
Subcellular locationi
Main subcellular location based on data generated in the subcellular section of the Human Protein Atlas.
Localized to the Nucleoplasm
Secretome annotationi
All genes with at least one predicted secreted isoform have been annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are:
secreted into blood
locally secreted
or actually being attached to membrane or retained in intracellular locations like mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus or lysosomes.
Not available
GENE INFORMATIONi
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Chromosome
1
Cytoband
p36.22
Chromosome location (bp)
11658918 - 11691811
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcripts from the gene as defined by Ensembl.
Links to data of the different assays available in the Structure & Interaction resource of the Human Protein Atlas. Click on the miniature images to directly get to the respective section.
In the Interaction part of this page network plots showing the gene's first-level interaction partners according to four different datasets are displayed, including a consensus network plot showing only interactions present in at least two of the datasets. By clicking on nodes the network can be expanded. In the network plots the nodes represent genes and edge color represent the number of datasets the interaction belongs to. In-house generated AlphaFold 3 predicted 3D structures for interactions in the consensus network are displayed by clicking on the blue symbols on the edges.
The highlight bar in the top of the plot can be used to color the nodes according to subcellular location (based on data in the Subcellular section), predicted location (based on signalpeptide and transmembrane region predictions), tissue specificity (based on RNA tissue expression profiles) or proteinclass. For genes categorised as single cell type or group specific the option to highlight interaction partners expressed in the same cell type will also be available in the highlight bar.
Custom highlighting of nodes is possible using the top left Filter option in which a query of choice can be built to for example label all nodes that are tissue enriched in both human and mouse brain or those that belongs to a certain tissue expression cluster. The expression cluster for the gene is stated in the box Human Protein Atlas Information above the network plot. Click on Filter in the top left in the plot to find the query builder and some example queries.
Interactions included are direct interaction and physical associations with high and medium confidence from IntAct, physical multivalidated interactions from BioGRID, interactions with>75% probability from BioPlex and significant physical interactions from OpenCell.
In this summary the pathway/subsystems to which the gene belongs is shown together with the associated cellular compartment for the reactions based on metabolite information. The number of proteins and metabolites in the pathway is shown as well as the number of reactions for the selected gene. By clicking on a pathway in the summary table the associated metabolic network map is shown, together with a gene-tissue heatmap that shows the expression of genes in that pathway in different tissues.
MAD2L2 is not a metabolic protein
PROTEIN INFORMATIONi
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The Splice variant identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the Swissprot and TrEMBL columns links to corresponding pages in the UniProt database.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide and number of predicted transmembrane region(s) according to in-house majority decision methods based on sets of predictors are also reported.
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Mapped to neXtProt Essential proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Mapped to neXtProt Essential proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Predicted intracellular proteins Cancer-related genes Disease related genes Human disease related genes Mapped to neXtProt Essential proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
