Expression of ACE2 in microvilli of renal
proximal tubules

SARS-CoV-2

The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) consortium is engaged in the corona epidemic in various ways to aid in the fight against the health consequences of this pandemic outbreak. The program involves both efforts to increase the knowledge-base of the disease and efforts to develop diagnostic tools and therapeutic drugs to combat the pandemic. In the following, published research papers involving HPA researchers are listed.

Host-virus biology

• F. Hikmet et al (2020) ”The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues” Mol Syst Biol. 2020 16(7):e9610.

• Carapito et al (2021) “Identification of driver genes for severe forms of COVID-19 in a deeply phenotyped young patient cohort” Science Translational Medicine, 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7521

• Blixt et al (2021) “Covid-19 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Clinical outcome and B- and T-cell immunity during 13 months in consecutive patients” Leukemia DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01424-w

• Elfström et al (2021) “Differences in risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers” Preventive Medicine Reports 24, 101518

• S. Havervall et al. (2021) "Robust humoral and cellular immune responses andlow risk for reinfection at least 8 months followingasymptomatic to mild COVID-19," Journal of Internal Medicine, Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34459525.

• P Bergman et al. (2021) “Safety and efficacy of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in five groups of immunocompromised patients and healthy controls in a prospective open-label clinical trial.” EbioMedicine, 74: 103705.

• W.Zhong et al. (2021) “Next generation plasma profiling of COVID-19 patients with mild and moderate symptoms” EbioMedicine 74: 103723.

Technology development for viral detection and analysis

• S Mravinacova. et al., (2021) A cell-free high throughput assay for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies.” New Biotechnology 66, 46.

• SM Mangsbo et al. (2021) An evaluation of a FluoroSpot assay as a diagnostic tool to determine SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses, PLOS One 16 (9), e0258041

• N. Kharlamova et al. (2021) "False Positive Results in SARS-CoV-2 Serological Tests for Samples From Patients With Chronic Inflammatory Diseases," Frontiers in Immunology, 12 (1365) 666114)

• S. Hober et al. (2021) "Systematic evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigens enables a highly specific and sensitive multiplex serological COVID-19 assay," Clinical and Translational Immunology 10 (7) e1312

• N. Roxhed et al (2021) Multianalyte serology in home-sampled blood enables an unbiased assessment of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun. 12(1):3695.

• S. Hober et al (2021) “Rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection using quantitative peptide enrichment LC-MS/MS analysis” eLife 10: e70843.

Clinical studies

• A.-S. Rudberg et al. (2020) "SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in healthcare workers in Sweden.," Nature Communications, 11(1) 5064.

• S. Havervall et al. (2021) "Antibody responses after a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2," EBioMedicine, 70, 103523

• J. Dillner et al., (2021) "Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of past or future sick leave," Scientific Reports, 11 (1), 5160

• G. Alkurt et al (2021) G “Seroprevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among health care workers from three pandemic hospitals of Turkey” PLoS One 16(3): e0247865.

• B. Keskinkiliç et al (2021) ”A Resilient Health System in Response to Coronavirus Disease 2019: Experiences of Turkey” Front Public Health. 2021 8:577021.

• K. A. Högelin et al.(2021) "Development of humoral and cellular immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 despite B cell depleting treatment in multiple sclerosis," iScience, 24 (9) 103078

• J. Dillner et al. (2021) "High Amounts of SARS-CoV-2 Precede Sickness Among Asymptomatic Health Care Workers," The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224 (1), 14-20.

• H. Alkharaan et al. (2021) "Persisting Salivary IgG Against SARS-CoV-2 at 9 Months After Mild COVID-19 : A Complementary Approach to Population Surveys," Journal of Infectious Diseases, 224 (3), 407.

• S. Klevebro et al. (2021) "Risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure among hospital healthcare workers in relation to patient contact and type of care," Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 49 (7), 707-712

• S. Hassan et al.(2021) "SARS-CoV-2 infections amongst personnel providing home care services for older persons in Stockholm, Sweden," Journal of Internal Medicine, 290 (2), 430-436.

• S. Havervall et al. (2021) "Symptoms and Functional Impairment Assessed 8 Months After Mild COVID-19 Among Health Care Workers," Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 325, 2015.

• W.Zhong et al. (2021) “Next generation plasma profiling of COVID-19 patients with mild and moderate symptoms” EbioMedicine 74: 103723.

Therapeutic development

• O. Altay et al (2021) “Combined Metabolic Activators Accelerates Recovery in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19” Advance Science (Weinh). 2021 8(17):e2101222.

• O. Altay et al (2020) “Current Status of COVID-19 Therapies and Drug Repositioning Applications” iScience. 23(7):101303.

In summary, the Human Protein Atlas consortium has used their knowledge, technology platforms and resources to aid in the fight towards the pandemic. This includes technology development, viral assay optimizations, basic biology research, community-based research as well as diagnostic and drug development.

SARS-CoV-2 related proteins

Below is a summary of the tissue and cell expression patterns of known SARS-CoV-2 interacting human proteins, based on transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. If you have a suggestion for other human proteins to include here, please send an email to contact@proteinatlas.org

SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors: ACE2 For more information about ACE2 and its cell type-specific expression in human tissues, also see: Hikmet F et al. (2020)

SARS-CoV-2 entry associated proteases: TMPRSS2, CTSB, CTSL

SARS-CoV-2 interacting proteins: Human proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 according to Gordon DE et al. (2020)

View genes on search page

Gene namei Covid-19 baiti Tissue specificityi Tissue expressioni Blood specificityi Subcellular location (main)i
AAR2 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
AASS SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (liver)
Not detected in immune cells Mitochondria
AATF SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
ABCC1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Plasma membrane
ACAD9 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
ACADM SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (liver, skeletal muscle, tongue)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
ACE2 Tissue enhanced (gallbladder, intestine, kidney)
Not detected in immune cells N/A
ACSL3 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (parathyroid gland)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli, Nucleoli rim
ADAM9 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Immune cell enhanced (classical monocyte) Vesicles
ADAMTS1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (ovary)
Group enriched (NK-cell, gdT-cell) Plasma membrane
AGPS SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Peroxisomes
AKAP8 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
AKAP8L SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles
AKAP9 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
ALG11 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ALG5 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ALG8 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
ANO6 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
AP2A2 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Tissue enhanced (brain)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
AP2M1 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
AP3B1 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
ARF6 SARS-CoV2 nsp15 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ARL6IP6 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Group enriched (basophil, eosinophil) Nuclear membrane
ATE1 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
ATP13A3 SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Nucleoli
ATP1B1 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (kidney)
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) N/A
ATP5MG SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
ATP6AP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ATP6V1A SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Vesicles, Cytosol
BAG5 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Tissue enriched (testis)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
BCKDK SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
BCS1L SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
BRD2 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear speckles
BRD4 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
BZW2 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (heart muscle, skeletal muscle, tongue)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Actin filaments, Cytosol
C1orf50 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
CCDC86 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Tissue enriched (parathyroid gland)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli, Nucleoli rim, Mitotic chromosome
CDK5RAP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
CENPF SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Group enriched (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, testis)
Not detected in immune cells Nucleoplasm
CEP112 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centrosome
CEP135 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
CEP250 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
CEP350 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
CEP68 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centriolar satellite
CHMP2A SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
CHPF SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (plasmacytoid DC) Cytosol
CHPF2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
CISD3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells N/A
CIT SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (brain)
Not detected in immune cells Cytosol
CLCC1 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
CLIP4 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Immune cell enhanced (non-classical monocyte) Vesicles
CNTRL SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue, testis)
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
COL6A1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (intestine)
Not detected in immune cells Cytosol
COLGALT1 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Group enriched (intermediate monocyte, classical monocyte, non-classical monocyte, myeloid DC, eosinophil) Vesicles
COMT SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
COQ8B SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
CRTC3 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Nucleoplasm
CSDE1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
CSNK2A2 SARS-CoV2 N Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
CSNK2B SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
CTSB Low tissue specificity
Group enriched (classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte, plasmacytoid DC, basophil, non-classical monocyte, myeloid DC) Vesicles
CTSL Tissue enhanced (placenta)
Group enriched (non-classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte) Golgi apparatus, Vesicles
CUL2 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
CWC27 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
CYB5B SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enriched (adrenal gland)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
CYB5R3 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
DCAF7 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
DCAKD SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
DCTPP1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
DDX10 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
DDX21 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli rim, Mitotic chromosome
DNAJC11 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
DNAJC19 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
DNMT1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
DPH5 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
DPY19L1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
ECSIT SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
EDEM3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
EIF4E2 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
EIF4H SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ELOB SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ELOC SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
EMC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ERC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ERGIC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Vesicles
ERLEC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ERMP1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (parathyroid gland)
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) N/A
ERO1B SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (pancreas)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ERP44 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ETFA SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (liver, skeletal muscle, tongue)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
EXOSC2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nucleoli
EXOSC3 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
EXOSC5 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
EXOSC8 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli fibrillar center, Mitotic chromosome
F2RL1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (intestine, stomach)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Plasma membrane
FAM162A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
FAM8A1 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Golgi apparatus
FAM98A SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
FAR2 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (intestine)
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Golgi apparatus
FASTKD5 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
FBLN5 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Plasma membrane
FBN1 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Tissue enhanced (adipose tissue, placenta)
Not detected in immune cells Golgi apparatus
FBN2 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Tissue enriched (placenta)
Immune cell enhanced (non-classical monocyte) N/A
FBXL12 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
FKBP10 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Golgi apparatus
FKBP15 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (non-classical monocyte) Nucleoli
FKBP7 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (ovary)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
FOXRED2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) N/A
FYCO1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
G3BP1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
G3BP2 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
GCC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GCC2 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GDF15 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (kidney, urinary bladder)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Golgi apparatus
GFER SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
GGCX SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enriched (liver)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GGH SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (kidney, liver)
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) N/A
GHITM SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
GIGYF2 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
GLA SARS-CoV2 nsp14 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GNB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enriched (retina)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
GNG5 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GOLGA2 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GOLGA3 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GOLGA7 SARS-CoV2 Spike Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GOLGB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GORASP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GPAA1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
GRIPAP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles, Cytosol
GRPEL1 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
GTF2F2 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
HDAC2 SARS-CoV2 nsp5 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
HEATR3 SARS-CoV2 orf7a Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Nucleoplasm
HECTD1 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nucleoli
HMOX1 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Tissue enriched (lymphoid tissue)
Group enriched (non-classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte, classical monocyte) Golgi apparatus, Plasma membrane
HOOK1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (retina)
Immune cell enhanced (naive CD4 T-cell) N/A
HS2ST1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
HS6ST2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (brain, kidney, ovary) N/A Not detected in immune cells Golgi apparatus
HSBP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
HYOU1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
IDE SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
IL17RA SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
IMPDH2 SARS-CoV2 nsp14 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
INHBE SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (liver)
Not detected in immune cells Vesicles
INTS4 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli rim
ITGB1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Focal adhesion sites
JAKMIP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enriched (brain)
Group enriched (T-reg, gdT-cell, memory CD8 T-cell, MAIT T-cell, memory CD4 T-cell, naive CD8 T-cell) N/A
LARP1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
LARP4B SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
LARP7 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
LMAN2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
LOX SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (adipose tissue) N/A Not detected in immune cells Endoplasmic reticulum
MAP7D1 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) N/A
MARK1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity N/A Not detected in immune cells N/A
MARK2 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
MARK3 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (eosinophil) N/A
MAT2B SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
MDN1 SARS-CoV2 orf7a Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Nucleoli, Cytosol
MEPCE SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
MFGE8 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (T-reg) Cytosol
MIB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Plasma membrane
MIPOL1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Cytosol
MOGS SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
MOV10 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
MPHOSPH10 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli, Nucleoli rim
MRPS2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MRPS25 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MRPS27 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MRPS5 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MTARC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (adipose tissue, breast, liver)
Group enriched (neutrophil, classical monocyte, basophil, eosinophil) Mitochondria
MTCH1 SARS-CoV2 orf6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
MYCBP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NARS2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Mitochondria
NAT14 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (brain) N/A Not detected in immune cells Mitochondria
NDFIP2 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Vesicles
NDUFAF1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria, Cytosol
NDUFAF2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
NDUFB9 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle, tongue)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
NEK9 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NEU1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Vesicles
NGDN SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli, Mitochondria
NGLY1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NIN SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow)
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Nucleoli, Centrosome
NINL SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Vesicles, Microtubules, Cytokinetic bridge
NLRX1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (esophagus)
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Mitochondria
NOL10 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
NPC2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (epididymis)
Group enriched (plasmacytoid DC, intermediate monocyte, classical monocyte, non-classical monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, myeloid DC) N/A
NPTX1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (brain)
Not detected in immune cells Golgi apparatus
NSD2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUP210 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NUP214 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Group enriched (neutrophil, classical monocyte) N/A
NUP54 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUP58 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NUP62 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane
NUP88 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUP98 SARS-CoV2 orf6 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
NUTF2 SARS-CoV2 nsp15 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
OS9 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
PABPC1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PABPC4 SARS-CoV2 N Tissue enhanced (pancreas, skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PCNT SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enriched (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
PCSK6 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (brain, liver, lymphoid tissue)
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) N/A
PDE4DIP SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Group enriched (heart muscle, skeletal muscle, tongue) N/A Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
PDZD11 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PIGO SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
PIGS SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PITRM1 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
PKP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Tissue enhanced (heart muscle)
Group enriched (eosinophil, basophil, myeloid DC) Cell Junctions
PLAT SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (parathyroid gland, urinary bladder)
Not detected in immune cells Actin filaments
PLD3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (pituitary gland)
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
PLEKHA5 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
PLEKHF2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PLOD2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Nucleoli, Cytosol
PMPCA SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
PMPCB SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
POFUT1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (non-classical monocyte) Centrosome
POGLUT2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) Nucleoplasm
POGLUT3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
POLA1 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
POLA2 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
POR SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
PPIL3 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
PPT1 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Group enriched (classical monocyte, myeloid DC, intermediate monocyte, non-classical monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil) Golgi apparatus, Vesicles
PRIM1 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PRIM2 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Tissue enhanced (prostate) N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
PRKACA SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PRKAR2A SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle, testis)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PRKAR2B SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (adipose tissue)
Not detected in immune cells Mitochondria
PSMD8 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PTBP2 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
PTGES2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PUSL1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
PVR SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Group enriched (non-classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte, classical monocyte, myeloid DC, neutrophil) Nucleoplasm, Vesicles, Plasma membrane
QSOX2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Golgi apparatus
RAB10 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
RAB14 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
RAB18 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
RAB1A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
RAB2A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
RAB5C SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endosomes
RAB7A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Lysosomes
RAB8A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
RAE1 SARS-CoV2 orf6 Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nucleoli fibrillar center
RALA SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
RAP1GDS1 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
RBM28 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
RBM41 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles, Cytosol
RBX1 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
RDX SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (adrenal gland)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
REEP5 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
REEP6 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (intestine, liver, testis)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
RETREG3 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear membrane
RHOA SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
RIPK1 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
RNF41 SARS-CoV2 nsp15 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear bodies
RPL36 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
RRP9 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
RTN4 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Endoplasmic reticulum
SAAL1 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SBNO1 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Tissue enhanced (testis)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SCAP SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SCARB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enriched (adrenal gland)
Immune cell enhanced (plasmacytoid DC) Vesicles
SCCPDH SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Vesicles
SDF2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
SELENOS SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) Endoplasmic reticulum
SEPSECS SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Tissue enhanced (liver) N/A Not detected in immune cells Vesicles
SIGMAR1 SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SIL1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SIRT5 SARS-CoV2 nsp14 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
SLC25A21 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (bone marrow) N/A Not detected in immune cells N/A
SLC27A2 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Tissue enhanced (kidney, liver)
Immune cell enriched (basophil) N/A
SLC30A6 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
SLC30A7 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
SLC30A9 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SLC44A2 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles, Cell Junctions
SLC9A3R1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Tissue enhanced (esophagus)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
SLU7 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SMOC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (brain, liver)
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) Plasma membrane
SNIP1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SPART SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Cytosol
SRP19 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
SRP54 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
SRP72 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
STC2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (breast)
Not detected in immune cells Endoplasmic reticulum
STOM SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
STOML2 SARS-CoV2 orf3b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
SUN2 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane
TAPT1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
TARS2 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
TBCA SARS-CoV2 nsp11 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Microtubules
TBK1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TBKBP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm
TCF12 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear speckles
THTPA SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TIMM10 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TIMM10B SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TIMM29 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TIMM8B SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TIMM9 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TLE1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TLE3 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow)
Immune cell enriched (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm
TLE5 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TM2D3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TMED5 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TMEM39B SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
TMEM97 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (liver, pancreas)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
TMPRSS2 Tissue enhanced (prostate, stomach)
Not detected in immune cells Plasma membrane
TOMM70 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TOR1A SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane, Vesicles
TOR1AIP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane
TRIM59 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Tissue enhanced (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue) N/A Low immune cell specificity Rods & Rings
TRMT1 SARS-CoV2 nsp5_C145A Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
TUBGCP2 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centrosome
TUBGCP3 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TYSND1 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centrosome
UBAP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
UBAP2L SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles, Cytosol
UBXN8 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (ovary)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
UGGT2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Group enriched (intermediate monocyte, non-classical monocyte, classical monocyte, myeloid DC, eosinophil) N/A
UPF1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Nucleoplasm
USP13 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Group enriched (heart muscle, skeletal muscle, tongue)
Immune cell enhanced (MAIT T-cell) Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
USP54 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Mitochondria
VPS11 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
VPS39 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
WASHC4 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
WFS1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
YIF1A SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus, Vesicles
ZC3H18 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles
ZC3H7A SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ZDHHC5 SARS-CoV2 Spike Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Plasma membrane
ZNF318 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (naive B-cell) Nucleoplasm
ZNF503 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Not detected in immune cells Plasma membrane, Cytosol
ZYG11B SARS-CoV2 orf10 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle, tongue)
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus, Intermediate filaments